England - Wikipedia. England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers much of the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain, which lies in the North Atlantic; and includes over 1. Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in the 1. Age of Discovery, which began during the 1. However, there are uplands in the north (for example, the mountainous Lake District, Pennines, and Yorkshire Dales) and in the south west (for example, Dartmoor and the Cotswolds). The capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1. 92. 2 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Toponymy. The name . The Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The term was then used in a different sense to the modern one, meaning . The Anglo- Saxon Chronicle recorded that the Domesday Book of 1. England, meaning the English kingdom, but a few years later the Chronicle stated that King Malcolm III went . According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its modern spelling was first used in 1. La cristianitas de la Europa medieval era la. E-mail: [email protected]; N A S C I M E N T O S (ordem cronol Isabel Bowes-Lyon (Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon, Londres, Inglaterra, 4 de agosto de 1900 – Isabel II del Reino Unido; Reina del Reino Unido y de los otros Reinos de la Mancomunidad de Naciones: Isabel II en Berl. Frei Montalva y Reina Isabel II El 11 de noviembre de 1968, Isabel II lleg La vida de Isabel II se basa en una fiesta continua. Se acostaba a las cinco de la ma. Este modo de vida levantaba fuertes. The name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian. Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo. In it are two very large islands called Britannia; these are Albion and Ierne. It either derives from a cognate of the Latin albus meaning white, a reference to the white cliffs of Dover, the only part of Britain visible from the European Continent. Albion is now applied to England in a more poetic capacity. The oldest proto- human bones discovered in England date from 5. Roughly 1. 1,0. 00 years ago, when the ice sheets began to recede, humans repopulated the area; genetic research suggests they came from the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula. By heating together tin and copper, which were in abundance in the area, the Beaker culture people made bronze, and later iron from iron ores. The development of iron smelting allowed the construction of better ploughs, advancing agriculture (for instance, with Celtic fields), as well as the production of more effective weapons. Brythonic was the spoken language during this time. Society was tribal; according to Ptolemy's Geographia there were around 2. Isabel II ou Elizabeth II (Londres, 21 de abril de 1926) England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of. Earlier divisions are unknown because the Britons were not literate. Like other regions on the edge of the Empire, Britain had long enjoyed trading links with the Romans. Julius Caesar of the Roman Republic attempted to invade twice in 5. BC; although largely unsuccessful, he managed to set up a client king from the Trinovantes. The Romans invaded Britain in 4. AD during the reign of Emperor Claudius, subsequently conquering much of Britain, and the area was incorporated into the Roman Empire as Britannia province. Later, an uprising led by Boudica, Queen of the Iceni, ended with Boudica's suicide following her defeat at the Battle of Watling Street. According to Bede, missionaries were sent from Rome by Eleutherius at the request of the chieftain Lucius of Britain in 1. AD, to settle differences as to Eastern and Western ceremonials, which were disturbing the church. There are traditions linked to Glastonbury claiming an introduction through Joseph of Arimathea, while others claim through Lucius of Britain. This period of Christianity was influenced by ancient Celtic culture in its sensibilities, polity, practices and theology. Contemporary texts describing this period are extremely scarce, giving rise to its description as a Dark Age. The nature and progression of the Anglo- Saxon settlement of Britain is consequently subject to considerable disagreement. Roman- dominated Christianity had in general disappeared from the conquered territories, but was reintroduced by missionaries from Rome led by Augustine from 5. Over the following centuries this process of political consolidation continued. Later in that century escalating attacks by the Danes culminated in the conquest of the north and east of England, overthrowing the kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia and East Anglia. Wessex under Alfred the Great was left as the only surviving English kingdom, and under his successors it steadily expanded at the expense of the kingdoms of the Danelaw. This brought about the political unification of England, first accomplished under . A fresh wave of Scandinavian attacks from the late 1. Sweyn Forkbeard in 1. Cnut in 1. 01. 6, turning it into the centre of a short- lived North Sea Empire that also included Denmark and Norway. However the native royal dynasty was restored with the accession of Edward the Confessor in 1. A dispute over the succession to Edward led to the Norman conquest of England in 1. Duke William of Normandy. Catholic monasticism flourished, providing philosophers, and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge were founded with royal patronage. The Principality of Wales became a Plantagenet fief during the 1. In contrast with much of European Protestantism, the roots of the split were more political than theological. There were internal religious conflicts during the reigns of Henry's daughters, Mary I and Elizabeth I. The former took the country back to Catholicism while the latter broke from it again, forcefully asserting the supremacy of Anglicanism. Competing with Spain, the first English colony in the Americas was founded in 1. Walter Raleigh in Virginia and named Roanoke. The Roanoke colony failed and is known as the lost colony, after it was found abandoned on the return of the late- arriving supply ship. In 1. 58. 8, during the Elizabethan period, an English fleet under Francis Drake defeated an invading Spanish Armada. The political structure of the island changed in 1. King of Scots, James VI, a kingdom which was a longtime rival to English interests, inherited the throne of England as James I . It has not only been ranked with Shakespeare's works as the greatest masterpiece of literature in the English language but also was the standard version of the Bible read by most Protestant Christians for four hundred years, until modern revisions were produced in the 2. Based on conflicting political, religious and social positions, the English Civil War was fought between the supporters of Parliament and those of King Charles I, known colloquially as Roundheads and Cavaliers respectively. This was an interwoven part of the wider multifaceted Wars of the Three Kingdoms, involving Scotland and Ireland. The Parliamentarians were victorious, Charles I was executed and the kingdom replaced by the Commonwealth. Leader of the Parliament forces, Oliver Cromwell declared himself Lord Protector in 1. After the Glorious Revolution of 1. King and Parliament should rule together, though Parliament would have the real power. This was established with the Bill of Rights in 1. Among the statutes set down were that the law could only be made by Parliament and could not be suspended by the King, also that the King could not impose taxes or raise an army without the prior approval of Parliament. In Parliament two factions had emerged . Though the Tories initially supported Catholic king James II, some of them, along with the Whigs, during the Revolution of 1. Dutch prince William of Orange to defeat James and ultimately to become William III of England. Some English people, especially in the north, were Jacobites and continued to support James and his sons. After the parliaments of England and Scotland agreed. Domestically it drove the Industrial Revolution, a period of profound change in the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of England, resulting in industrialised agriculture, manufacture, engineering and mining, as well as new and pioneering road, rail and water networks to facilitate their expansion and development. During the Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon planned to invade from the south- east. However this failed to manifest and the Napoleonic forces were defeated by the British at sea by Lord Nelson and on land by the Duke of Wellington. The Napoleonic Wars fostered a concept of Britishness and a united national British people, shared with the Scots and Welsh. At the end of the Phoney War, Winston Churchill became the wartime Prime Minister. Developments in warfare technology saw many cities damaged by air- raids during the Blitz. Following the war, the British Empire experienced rapid decolonisation, and there was a speeding up of technological innovations; automobiles became the primary means of transport and Frank Whittle's development of the jet engine led to wider air travel. The UK's NHS provided publicly funded health care to all UK permanent residents free at the point of need, being paid for from general taxation. Combined, these changes prompted the reform of local government in England in the mid- 2. Since the late 2. United Kingdom has moved towards devolved governance in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Today England is governed directly by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, although other countries of the United Kingdom have devolved governments. The 2. 01. 4 European Parliament election saw the regions of England elect the following MEPs: 2. UK Independence Party (UKIP), 1. Conservatives, 1. Labour, 3 Greens, and one Liberal Democrat. Since devolution, in which other countries of the United Kingdom. Originally it was planned that various regions of England would be devolved, but following the proposal's rejection by the North East in a referendum, this has not been carried out. Isabel II del Reino Unido. Isabel II del Reino Unido (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; Londres, 2. Cuando su padre falleci. Los rumores acerca de la situaci. Su padre era el segundo hijo del rey Jorge V y de la reina Mar. Ambas fueron educadas en su casa a supervisi. El libro describe el amor de Isabel por los caballos y los perros, su disciplina y su actitud de responsabilidad. Tiene un aire de autoridad y reflexi. Estaba tercera en la l. A pesar de que su nacimiento produjo inter. Al igual que en 1. Australia y Nueva Zelanda, Isabel permaneci. Yo no voy a dejar al rey. Sabemos, cada uno de nosotros, que al final todo estar. La idea fue apoyada por el ministro del Interior, Herbert Morrison, pero fue rechazada por el Rey porque consideraba que era un t. Durante el recorrido, en una emisi. Ellos son primos segundos por parte del rey Christian IX de Dinamarca y primos terceros por parte de la reina Victoria. Antes del matrimonio, Felipe renunci. Isabel, incluso, necesit. El primer ministro Winston Churchill defini. Michael Parker, amigo y secretario privado de Felipe, declar. Durante repetidas ocasiones entre 1. Edimburgo fue destinado al protectorado brit. Sin embargo, sus hijos permanecieron en el Reino Unido. Retrato oficial de la coronaci. Desde entonces, joven pero decidida, comenz. La salud de Jorge VI empeor. Truman en Washington; en el viaje, su secretario privado, Martin Charteris, llevaba consigo la declaraci. El 6 de febrero de 1. Lord Mountbatten pens. Sin embargo, la reina Mar. El duque, por su parte, se quej. Antes de morir, la reina Mar. Toda la ceremonia, con excepci. Solo otros cinco reyes y reinas han reinado al Reino Unido durante m. En el momento de su ascensi. La propuesta nunca fue aceptada, y al a. Lord Salisbury y lord Kilmuir (el lord canciller) consultaron al Gabinete, a Winston Churchill y a los legisladores del Consejo de Administraci. En la misma gira, inaugur. Es impaciente con la actitud que toman hacia ella como si fuera.. Su primer paseo real, rodeada por miembros del p. En 1. 96. 5, sin embargo, el primer ministro de Rodesia, Ian Smith, autoproclam. Aunque la reina despidi. Las celebraciones reafirmaron la popularidad de la reina, pese a las notas negativas de la prensa que se encontraba m. Trudeau dijo en sus memorias: . Posteriormente, la polic. Mantuvo la calma mientras se comunic. No es justo que algunos papeles no corroboren las afirmaciones o acepte desmentidos: no les importa si las historias son verdaderas o no. Las fuentes de los rumores inclu. Isabel, como jefe de Estado, apoy. En abril, su hija Ana se divorci. El diario se vio obligado a pagar los gastos legales y don. Los dos hijos de Diana quer. Su hermana y su madre murieron en febrero y marzo respectivamente. En octubre de 2. 00. En un mensaje difundido por el Palacio de Buckingham, declar. La reina Victoria hasta ahora hab. Hoy, Isabel es el monarca brit. Durante la ceremonia de apertura, realiz. El ministro de Relaciones Exteriores, William Hague, anunci. Como monarca parlamentaria, no ha expresado sus opiniones pol. Tiene un profundo sentido del deber religioso y civil, y toma su juramento de coronaci. Yo, como muchos de ustedes, he logrado reconfortarme en momentos dif. Presionada por la opini. La fortuna personal de Isabel II ha sido objeto de especulaci. En 2. 01. 0, la revista Forbes estim. La soberana ha encabezado roles considerables durante las diversas administraciones de sus primeros ministros, a trav. Isabel II fue elegida la . Las estampillas o sellos postales de Reino Unido no llevan el nombre del pa. Oficialmente, tiene un t. En las Islas del Canal e Isla de Man, que son dependencias de la Corona y que no pertenecen al Reino Unido, es reconocida como duque (duke) de Normand. En el segundo, que representa a Escocia, puede observarse un le. En el tercer cuadrante, por Irlanda del Norte, aparece representada un arpa de oro sobre campo azur. El 9 de abril de 2. Consultado el 1. 4 de abril de 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 2. 0 de abril de 2. Consultado el 3. 0 de marzo de 2. Reino Unido: Sitio web oficial de la Monarqu. Consultado el 4 de abril de 2. Assheton, Ralph (1. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Princess Margaret: A Life of Contrasts. London: Carlton Publishing Group. ISBN 0- 2. 33- 0. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. National Museum of Wales. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Lacey, pp. 2. 1 de noviembre de 1. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. The Daily Telegraph(en ingl. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 4 de abril de 2. Reino Unido: Sitio web oficial de la Monarqu. Consultado el 4 de abril de 2. Consultado el 4 de abril de 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Shawcross, p. 7. 2; Charteris citado en Pimlott, p. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. National Gallery of Australia. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Shawcross, p. Consultado el 1. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. House of Lords Library. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Reino Unido: Sitio web oficial de la Monarqu. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Roberts, pp. National Post(en ingl. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Shawcross, p. 1. 95- 2. Shawcross, pp. 2. Andrew Neil citado en el diario de Woodrow Wyatt del 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 1. 0 de febrero de 2. Consultado 1. 0 de febrero de 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 3 de marzo de 2. The Daily Telegraph(en ingl. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. The Daily Telegraph(en ingl. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 6 de abril de 2. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Archivado desde el original el 1. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. The Daily Telegraph(en ingl. Consultado el 1. 5 de abril de 2. Sitio web oficial de la Monarqu. Consultado el 2 de junio de 2. Glamorous Prince Edward and Sophie wear co- ordinated outfits as they attend Barbados state dinner. Consultado el 2 de junio de 2. Consultado el 2 de junio de 2. Office of the Governor General of Canada. Consultado el 2 de junio de 2. London Evening Standard(en ingl. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 2 de junio de 2. Consultado el 6 de junio de 2. Consultado el 6 de junio de 2. Consultado el 3 de agosto de 2. Sitio web oficial de la Monarqu. Consultado el 2 de junio de 2. Consultado el 3 de agosto de 2. Consultado el 3 de marzo de 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Council of Christians and Jews. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Lacey, pp. Consultado el 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Archivado desde el original el 1. Consultado el 8 de mayo de 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Archivado desde el original el 3. Consultado el 2. 2 de septiembre de 2. Archivado desde el original el 8 de octubre de 2. Consultado el 8 de mayo de 2. Consultado el 4 de abril de 2. Consultado el 1. 9 de julio de 2. Consultado el 5 de abril de 2. Consultado el 5 de abril de 2. Reino Unido: Sitio web oficial de la Monarqu. Consultado el 1. 7 de abril de 2. Reino Unido: Burke's Peerage & Gentry and The Origins Network. Consultado el 1. 7 de abril de 2. Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia(en ingl. Archivado desde el original el 3. Reino Unido: Sitio web oficial de la Monarqu. Consultado el 5 de abril de 2. Elizabeth: Eighty Glorious Years. Londres: Carlton Publishing Group. ISBN 1- 8. 44. 42- 2. Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Gary (2. Fifty Years the Queen. Toronto: Dundurn Press. ISBN 1- 5. 50. 02- 3. Bradford, Sarah (1. Londres: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0- 2. 97- 7. Brandreth, Gyles (2. Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage. ISBN 0- 7. 12. 6- 6. Briggs, Asa (1. 99. The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom: Volume 4. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0- 1. 9- 2. 12. Campbell, John (2. Margaret Thatcher: The Iron Lady. Londres: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0- 2. 24- 0. Crawford, Marion (1. The Little Princesses. Londres: Cassell and Co. Heald, Tim (2. 00. Princess Margaret: A Life Unravelled. Londres: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 2. Hoey, Brian (2. 00. Her Majesty: Fifty Regal Years. Londres: Harper. Collins. ISBN 0. 00. 65. 31. Lacey, Robert (2. Royal: Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. Londres: Little, Brown. ISBN 0- 3. 16- 8. Macmillan, Harold (1. Pointing The Way 1. ISBN 0- 3. 33- 1. Neil, Andrew (1. 99. ISBN 0- 3. 33- 6. Nicolson, sir Harold (1. King George the Fifth: His Life and Reign. Londres: Constable and Co. Petropoulos, Jonathan (2. Royals and the Reich: the princes von Hessen in Nazi Germany. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0- 1. 9- 5. 16. Pimlott, Ben (2. 00. The Queen: Elizabeth II and the Monarchy. Londres: Harper. Collins. ISBN 0. 00. 25. 54. Roberts, Andrew; editado por Antonia Fraser (2. Londres: Cassell & Co. ISBN 0- 3. 04- 3. Shawcross, William (2. Toronto: Mc. Clelland & Stewart. ISBN 0- 7. 71. 0- 8. Thatcher, Margaret (1. The Downing Street Years. Londres: Harper. Collins. ISBN 0. 00. 25. 50. Trudeau, Pierre Elliott (1. Toronto: Mc. Lelland & Stewart. ISBN 0- 7. 71. 0- 8. Wyatt, Woodrow; editado por Sarah Curtis (1. The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt: Volume II. ISBN 0- 3. 33- 7. Shawcross, William (2. Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother: The Official Biography.
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